Some aircraft are equipped with chart holder "clipboards" in this data set occurred because crews became disoriented while taxiing. the Airmen's Information Manual states that when clearing a runway after landing, 0000152831 00000 n Study the procedures in the Airplane Flight Manual. Simulation results indicate that total taxiing time is reduced by 243s after optimization and no taxiing conflict occurs. Being in the exact center of the taxiway might not matter for the wingtips of your Cessna 150 that youre training in, but remember youre preparing for something bigger and faster, right? 0000194210 00000 n Type IV fluids offer the best protection against refreezing. This AC and its appendices provide guidance to airport operators about developing training programs for safe ground vehicle operations, personnel taxiing or towing an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the movement and safety areas of an airport. And is it really necessary to require If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. Cabin crew are especially vulnerable as they might be moving within the cabin preforming pre-departure or post-landing duties. Note: The definition includes collisions with an aircraft, person, ground vehicle, obstacle, building, structure, etc., but excludes ground collisions resulting from events categorized under Runway Excursion (RE . FAA's updated "advisory circular" includes newly defined items such as airport operations areas and non-movement areas, and offers guidance for towered airports regarding non-pilot workers and equipment in the runway safety area. Therefore would place the airport diagram chart where it could be easily referred to during 0000040930 00000 n 0000050056 00000 n Hydraulic lock in radial engines. Always conduct a pre-takeoff check for frozen contaminants just prior to take-off. A couple of ASRS reports illustrate vpfTQ'\wr)Ke3@;Cr%H#SJcvDDg+j]\zM5h.aK. These accumulations may refreeze after take-off and impede control or gear movements later. produce significant hazards to flight. are designed for takeoffs and landings, they are not marked for taxiing. 2175 0 obj <>stream What procedure should be followed prior to starting a large radial engine to detect and/or prevent a hydraulic lock in the cylinders? Under what conditions should a reciprocating engine be pre-oiled? Become throughly trained. 0000247480 00000 n Every three weeks our team of flight instructors shares advice and video tips to help you become a safer pilot. Hazard Identification. In fact, even experienced pilots may forget or become complacent about the remaining aspect of flying, that is, ground and taxiing procedures. Aviation enforcement and processes, corporate and non-corporate offenders. What is the cause of hydraulic lock in large radial engines? aircraft-aircraft collisions or near collisions - collisions can result from: failure to follow taxiway centreline guidance failure to stop prior to a stopbar taxiing at speeds unsuited to the conditions or level of congestion taxiway deviation whilst trying to manoeuvre to "squeeze" past another aircraft. Ground Collision ( GCOL) - a collision that occurs while an aircraft is taxiing to or from a runway in use. WHY: Mixtures of water, slush and deicing fluid may accumulate in aerodynamically quiet areas such as gaps surrounding control surfaces or in the landing gear. The sample may have a cloudy or hazy appearance or a solid slug of water. A taxi-in runway incursion is one where an aircraft which has just landed and which subsequently enters any active runway en route to parking, whether contrary to or in accordance with ATC clearance. pilots should not turn onto another runway without authorization from the tower. Aviation safety recommendations. 0000042163 00000 n Single pilot aircraft should not monitor other than ATC communications until flight from Class B, Class C, or Class D surface area is completed. These include: inappropriate use of a restricted taxiway - some taxiways are restricted by wingspan. The tow vehicle brakes should be used except in an emergency - then the aircraft brakes may be used. Les Instructions techniques pour la scurit du transport arien de marchandises dangereuses de l'Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale (IT de l'OACI), sont incorpores par renvoi dans le RTMD, ce qui fixe la rglementation pour le transport arien scuritaire de marchandises dangereuses tant l'chelle nationale qu . Read reports on Transportation Safety Board investigations into specific aviation safety issues. Type I fluids may be applied to any aircraft when the anticipated time between deicing and take-off is minimal. When ready to start, call "CONTACT" and listen for the reply. require aggressive braking by the aircraft which could result in personnel injuries. This is a critical safety issue and a legal requirement. 0000051048 00000 n MITRE is enhancing aviation's safety toolkit with an application designed to prevent pilots from taxiing onto a runway without permission, a scenario that poses an enormous collision risk. 0000248526 00000 n Place the aircraft in a heated hangar to melt frozen contaminants, followed by anti-icing to prevent refreezing of the melted contaminants when the aircraft is removed from the hangar. Operators should: ensure daily inspection for their vehicle is complete and that beacon/hazard lights are operating when the vehicle is airside, operate their vehicle safely and in accordance with all company and airport rules, obey all "rules of the road" inclusive of speed limits, stop signs and right-of-way guidance. What are some of the possible outcomes of using a lower grade avgas than the specified grade? 0000101142 00000 n 0000248258 00000 n Which . A good flight starts with an uneventful taxi and proper set up for departure. It is a good practice to perform a foolproof test to be sure the pilot can see all signals. Read about Transport Canada's responses to Transportation Safety Board recommendations for aviation safety. All rights reserved. For anti-icing applications, this fluid may be applied undiluted. This will affect the promulgation of procedures and the required qualification for those occupying the flight crew seats on the aircraft during the manoeuvre. This ensures redundancy while critical taxi contributed to the incident. Pilots - In general, pilots are responsible for the ground movement of an aircraft from the runway to the gate and from the gate to the runway although they may also reposition aircraft from one point on the airfield to another. 0000033519 00000 n critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation The FAA is urging pilots to exercise increased vigilance when issued such clearances. Checklists and nonessential communication should be withheld until the aircraft is stopped and the brakes set, If the pilot is unfamiliar with the airport or for any reason confusion exists as to the correct taxi routing, a request may be made for progressive taxi instructions which include step-by-step routing directions, Progressive instructions may also be issued if the controller deems it necessary due to traffic or field conditions (for example, construction or closed taxiways), The need for progressive taxi can be mitigated by proper preflight planning and having airport diagrams handy, The use of takeoffs-and-landings/taxi lights is an effective means of illuminating surface hazards during taxi movements at night and alerting all concerned of an aircraft's presence/position in flight, Lights may be turned off under certain conditions whereby safety is still the primary focus, Examples would be when taxiing toward or yielding too other aircraft or in a ramp setting with adequate ambient lighting, A low visibility taxi plan will exist giving the pilot additional instructions when the RVR is less than 1,200' and again in operations less than 600' RVR, Do not switch frequencies while taxiing, in case ground needs to contact you, Auto-switch tower when approaching the hold short to monitor traffic, If you have just cleared a runway and are looking to taxi, call with intentions as appropriate, Exit without delay at the first available taxiway or as instructed, Personnel must always be aware of the dangers associated with moving surfaces, Rotor wash created by the blades of a rotary-winged aircraft or thrust from the exhaust section of a fixed-winged aircraft may cause severe personnel injury, The proper safety equipment must always be worn when working on flight decks and flight lines, Aircraft with conventional landing gear (tailwheel/draggers) aircraft have special considerations that are unique to them, The center of gravity of a tailwheel aircraft is behind the cockpit which can cause instability during taxi, Make smooth inputs on the controls and be mindful that the center of gravity is not allowed to get to the side of the aircraft with enough momentum to carry it around, Once a ground loop has started there is no way to get out of it until it has run its course, In the interest of avoiding obstacles or staying on a paved surface however, differential breaking with the inside break will tighten the loop, While speed can be a contributing factor to ground loops, it is also necessary to maintain positive control, If the aircraft is taxiing too fast, and breaks are applied too firmly, the tail can raise causing the tailwheel to lose effectiveness while simultaneously causing the propeller to move closer to the ground, If the tail comes up high enough, the pilot may experience a propeller, or "prop" strike, Flight Personnel are utilized on many aircraft ramps to direct traffic in an orderly fashion in accordance with local procedures [, Flashing your landing/taxi lights at the marshaller will help signal when you are ready, especially at night, Likewise, don't blind them with the light, turn it off until clear of the marshaller, Night: Flashlight moved vertically up-and-down repeatedly, Night: Flashlight moved horizontally back-and-forth repeatedly, Day: One arm pointing up with the other pointing down, Night: Same signal as day, but with lights, Day: Point to engine OR indicate engine number with fingers while making horizontal circular motion above head with other, Day: Move arms outward with thumbs pointed outward, Day: The direction of turn is indicated by that arm pointing downward while the other gestures to come closer, Day: Flagman holds hands in air to catch the pilot's attention, Day: With palms facing down, arms are moved up and down at side, Day: Move arms inward with thumbs pointed inward, Day: A cutting motion with a flat palm is made across neck, Day: Hand cupped behind ear as if listening, Day: Hand waved back and forth in an erasing motion in front of face, with palm turned forward, Night: Trace of letter N, given by external light, Fingers held vertically indicate 1 through 5, Fingers held horizontally indicate 6 through 9, Forgetting to remove a tie-down or chocks prior to attempting movement, Improper aileron deflection, particularly after turning, Taxiing with a power setting that requires controlling taxi speed with the brakes, To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with safe taxi operations, including runway incursion avoidance, References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; AC 91-73; Chart Supplements; AIM, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The student pilot's failure to maintain a visual look out while transitioning from the active runway to a taxiway resulting in an on-ground collision with a taxiway sign, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a parked airplane during taxi operations at night, Taxiing is part of every flight, and it should be part of planning, ATC clearances or instructions pertaining to taxiing are predicated on known traffic and known physical airport conditions, Since "the pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft" the pilot should obtain clarification of any clearance or instruction which is not understood, Therefore, it is important that pilots clearly understand the clearance or instruction, Although an ATC clearance is issued for taxiing purposes, when operating in accordance with the CFRs, it is the responsibility of the pilot to avoid collision with other aircraft, In addition to conducting taxi operations as a maneuver, pilots must also be familiar and comply with all, Pay attention when in a movement area and be cognizant of expectation bias, that is having a belief you are prepared for what lies ahead and not pay attention to what is different, such as an atypical location for a runway hold position marking, When it comes to hand and arm signals, variations may exist, If any questions come up while taxiing, stop, and try to get clarification before proceeding, When taxiing and determining wind direction, make sure you account for the resultant wind, Consider the use of heading bugs to remember where the wind is coming from and/or to remember the assigned takeoff direction, Consider the use of a heading indicator course indicator to supplement, While it is best practice to always apply taxi corrections, regardless of wind velocity, it is imperative these corrections be used any time you can feel even the slightest movement in the yoke, During ground operations, jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash (types of thrust stream turbulence) can cause damage and upsets if encountered at close range, Pilots should consider the effects of jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash on aircraft, vehicles, maintenance equipment, and open structures (i.e., hangars) during ground operations, Additional resources are available through tools such as the FAA's, Remember when parking, to park in such a way to avoid inevitable jet blast (especially from larger aircraft), use tiedowns, and install control locks or covers as appropriate, Don't be afraid to practice if you need it, Different aircraft require different skills and even experienced pilots in, As pilots upgrade into larger aircraft, taxiing may be accomplished by the use of a tiller, vs. rudder pedals. My own rule of thumb: if in doubt, over-communicate. Subpart 703: Air Taxi. every one of them. Following a runway transgression one ASRS reporter offered: Because of the lack of these markings The FAA and Transport Canada publish holdover time guidelines which are the times aircraft surfaces can be expected to remain protected from refreezing after anti-icing. On 21 August 2006, a Boeing 737-500 suffered a nose landing gear collapse during towing at the Newark Liberty International Airport. Swing the prop with the flat of your hand and move back from the prop arc. Weathervaning of tailwheel aircraft. Taxiing Aircraft As a general rule, only rated pilots and qualified airframe and powerplant (A&P) technicians are authorized to start, run up, and taxi aircraft. Air carriers, canadian airport, passenger screening, security measures. Whereas the airlines follow mandated processes for deicing aircraft, general aviation operations tend to have less rigor or support. These guidelines are provided for conditions of active frost, freezing fog, freezing drizzle, light freezing rain, and rain on cold soaked wings. What are the indications of water in aircraft fuel after draining a sample from the fuel sumps? The A/S32A-42 aircraft mid-range tow vehicle is a 4-cylinder, diesel-powered, liquid-cooled, 4-wheel drive vehicle used to move medium aircraft. These are: Subpart 702: Aerial Work. Even something as routine as taxiing This wake velocity can increase two or three times as the throttles are advanced and the airplane begins to taxi. They will be addressed at two levels; operations less than 1,200 feet RVR to 500 feet RVR and operations less than 500 feet RVR, Specific lighting systems and surface markings may be found in Paragraph 2-1-11, Taxiway Lights, and Paragraph 2-3-4, Taxiway Markings, When low visibility conditions exist, pilots should focus their entire attention on the safe operation of the aircraft while it is moving. 0000249483 00000 n Source: ICAO. Same rule goes for taxiing in as taxiing out. All will be 12 inches in depth. 0000153250 00000 n First Officer stated: To be really effective the airport 0000042407 00000 n On occasion, however, minimum separation, particularly aircraft/vehicle separation is compromised. In the cockpit, complexity and workload will increase. The marking requirements for oil tank filler openings are specified by FAR 23.1157. Reported one Captain: There are several reasons why the Be certain you are using the correct fuel, properly ground the aircraft and refueling unit, and protect the aircraft surfaces from hose and nozzle damage. 0000138970 00000 n can be taken before leaving the ramp. Fire, during engine starting. that sometimes the First Officer calls for the taxi clearance while the Captain Stay up to date with the latest articles and selections from our archives. Type III fluids have a viscosity higher than Type I fluids but much lower than Type II or IV fluids. Several First, the initial call to Ground Control or Ramp Control Can checklists be rewritten A laser is not a toy. Be sure the propeller or inlet area is clear and check for loose stones, gravel, etc. Contact Ground Control or CTAF, as appropriate: State your aircraft identification, location, type of operation planned (VFR or IFR), if IFR, the point of first intended landing, if VFR, the cardinal direction, and that you have the appropriate ATIS/AWOS/ASOS code: Consider setting the heading bug/course indicator to display the takeoff direction. Continue cranking the engine to start it and suck the fire into the engine. 0000005618 00000 n report revealed: Here are a few suggestions that can There are four different categories, based on an aircraft's takeoff weight, the type of work being performed and the number of passengers it is configured to carry. In fact, more than a few aviation safety incidents or near misses have occurred simply while on the ground during a ground or taxiing procedure. d&&H`]0&+A$C,:fL`LLC e) The hazards associated with starting, ground operating, and/or taxiing aircraft and procedures for preventing, minimizing or otherwise managing any of them right fuel don't put wrong fuel which can kill.airplane grounded and to the truck. Ground will respond with your instructions: ATC will first specify the runway, issue taxi instructions, and then state any required hold short instructions, ATC is required to issue "hold shorts" or "cleared to cross" on any runway active or not in between you and your destination, Note that closed runways still required a cleared to cross call. hS]HSq?cs:gY0C_cv?#$2#!9k!bAKX(I}F_TufD{{~= H x4E^b17 9M}q)Rs6Rau`{kUbH \# lDa2:z'{isIr^;cu"5>Ze[=(Hn(j K.t]OK 0000250238 00000 n the taxiway. 0000042021 00000 n one set of eyeballs on a swivel is also necessary. While it's good to perform a brake check as part of your initial taxi, try your best to keep ahead of the airplane and use your brakes sparingly on the taxiway. Autor de la entrada: Publicacin de la entrada: marzo 18, 2023; The responsibilities of a ground crew team carrying out an aircraft tow include ensuring that no part of the aircraft structure will impact any fixed object, vehicle, or other aircraft. 0000249761 00000 n In this section, we discuss the specific issues associated with ground operations in icing conditions. aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy. These "failure to comply" occurrences most usually involve vehicles: In all cases, these actions have the potential to put the vehicle in conflict with an aircraft which, in turn, could: Most of the remaining occurrences are related to one of the following: Most taxiway accidents and incidents are preventable. landing? Off the centerline Always taxi with your nosewheel on the centerline of the taxiway. Aircraft taxiing in snow Ground Operations Flight Operations Watch for snow banks; snow piled alongside taxiways may present a collision hazard. For general aviation, however, insufficient or improper ground deicing/anti-icing continues to cause several fatalities a year. Issues posing the greatest risk to Canada's transportation system. By enabling aircraft to turn off their engines during taxiing operations, the vehicle allows a reduction of noise emission and a reduction of fuel-burn and CO2 emissions up to 85% while improving air quality around airports as well. 0000050358 00000 n 190 91 Whilst all events do not result in collision with an aircraft, the majority of taxiway occurrences involve vehicle operators deviating from a surface movement controller clearance. Taxi slowly and stay farther away from other aircraft. Read reports on Transportation Safety Board investigations into specific aviation safety issues. rushing and "the lack of coordination between the cockpit and ground personnel" What Does a Pilot Require To Remain Current in an Aircraft Requiring a Type Rating? failing to obtain a clearance before entering an area subject to control. line without ATC clearance at a controlled airport, or without making sure of
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